Why these words
Built to survive static
The 26 words were chosen to be understood over a bad radio link by people whose first language might be English, French or Spanish.
- 1940s
Allied forces spell with Able, Baker, Charlie, Dog. It works for English speakers and badly for almost everyone else.
- 1951
The International Civil Aviation Organization publishes a new alphabet, developed with linguists and tested on speakers of several languages.
- 1956
After more testing, a revised set (the one in use today) takes effect. NATO adopts it too, which is where the popular name comes from.
- Today
Airlines, air traffic control, the military, police, ships, call centers and anyone reading a confirmation code over the phone.
Alfa, not Alpha
Speakers of some languages don't read "ph" as an F. Spelling it Alfa removes the doubt.
Juliett with two Ts
French speakers might treat a single final T as silent. The double T keeps it audible.
Tree, fife, niner
On the radio, three is said "tree", five is "fife" and nine is "niner", so the numbers stay distinct through noise.
Every word is a flag
The same 26 words name the flags of the International Code of Signals. A ship flying Oscar alone is reporting someone overboard.